在弗洛伊德(Freud)描述的第三个主要发展阶段,称为阳具阶段,孩子的心理能量投入到生殖器官和通过器官操纵获得的乐趣上。正是在此期间,儿童人格发展中最深刻的心理变化也发生了。
As children develop a fairly sound identity of themselves as individuals, they are faced with increasingly sharpened conflicts with parents. The child develops feelings that grow in magnitude to form a complex of interrelated emotions and behaviors termed the Oedipus complex for males and the Electra complex for females. The ultimate importance of this stage is in the resolution or working through of these conflicts and the subsequent development of appropriate gender role identification. Freud believes that the entire dynamic process of child-parent interaction and the resolution of Oedipal and Electra conflicts provides the framework for the basic construction of the superego.
俄狄浦斯建筑群以希腊悲剧的名字和意义俄狄浦斯雷克斯in which Oedipus kills his father and marries a woman who is, unknown to him, his biological mother. On learning of this transgression, he punishes himself by gouging his eyes out. Freud believes that the desire to possess the mother sexually is characteristic of all males during the phallic stage of development. Parallel to the biological changes that take place during this stage, the male seeks the primary and original love object, the mother, and begins to see the father as a competitive force for the love and affection that only the mother can give. The male child’s feelings of inferiority are compounded by the results of a comparison between his and his father’s genitalia.
Although the wish to possess the mother physically and psychologically is unrealistic in terms of societal taboos, the male child pursues these irrational desires and eventually is forced to confront his father over who will be the primary recipient of the mother’s attention. During this subtle yet profound confrontation, the male child eventually recognizes his father’s outrage at his motives and becomes fearful that the father will punish him (through castration) for his incestuous behavior. This fear takes the form of what Freud called the castration complex and specifically results in castration anxiety for the boy. In other words, he fears his father will castrate his sex organs, which are now the focal point of his maturational and psychological growth.
This fear (which remains at the unconscious level) is so strong that the male child eventually abandons these obviously intolerable thoughts about his mother and realizes that the necessary gratification can be obtained only through identification with the father and through the vicarious satisfaction obtained through father-son interaction via mother-father interaction. It is primarily through this process that (1) the beginnings of the superego come into being, because the resolution of the Oedipus complex represents a recognition of societal and tribal mores and values, and (2) the child identifies with his father, leading to successful procreation on the child’s part and, indirectly, fulfillment of a very general instinct. The Oedipal conflict is thus resolved.
Freud described a comparable Electra conflict for females but did not elaborate. Many Freudians believe that the process is much more complex for girls than the Oedipal situation for boys. For girls, initially, the young female child does not realize there are any distinct differences between the sexes. Through experience (physical and social/emotional contact with both parents), she realizes she does not possess the same organs the male does. A sense of inferiority over this results in what Freud calledpenis envy。Penis envy amplifies and intensifies her love for and attachment to her father, and there is a corresponding rejection of her mother. The girl is assumed to unconsciously hold her mother responsible for her lack of a male sexual organ. The dynamics of how gender identity is thought to be formed within the psychoanalytic perspective is shown in Table 1.
但是,人们认为这个女孩最终意识到阴茎在身体上是不可能的,对她对一个人的渴望的直接满足必须被引导与母亲认同。弗洛伊德在详细说明电气冲突的解决过程中要比指定俄狄浦斯冲突的解决过程要少得多。
在发展的阳具阶段,弗洛伊德在男性和女性的经历之间的区别通常被认为是沙文主义的观点。尽管男性通过操纵生殖器而关注自己的性欲的表达,但雌性被描述为全神贯注于她的自卑。尽管两性都经历了与最终发展结果(超级角色的发展和性别角色)的冲突,但通过过程中男性和女性的特征具有截然不同的含义。
参考:
- Clark University. (2003).The Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung lectures at Clark University。从...获得http://www.clarku.edu/offices/library/archives/Freud&Jung.htm
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