控制源是一个人对自己一生中发生的事件的控制或控制的总体信念。人们可能会归因他们成功的机会,而不是外部或内部原因。控制源的发展可能源于家庭背景,文化和过去的经验的结合。拥有内部控制基因源的人可能来自专注于努力和责任的家庭。另一方面,具有外部控制源的人可能来自缺乏生命控制的背景。由于首先引入了控制构建体的座位,因此已经进行了相当大的解释,并且已经出现了有关控制源的几种理论。
控制类型的基因座
内部控制基因座
People with an internal locus of control often believe that they are in control of their own destinies and happenings in their lives. People with an internal locus of control likely see a relationship between the effort they put into an endeavor and the outcome. People with an internal locus of control feel that events that happen to them are a result of their own work and effort. The benefit of an internal locus of control is that people feel in control of their life situations and responsible for what happens to them. Thus, they may be likely to work hard in order to do well in educational and vocational areas.
外部控制基因座
People with an external locus of control are more likely to believe that their fate is determined by chance or outside forces that are beyond their control. People with an external locus of control see environmental causes and situational factors as being more influential than internal ones. These individuals would more often see luck rather than effort as determining whether they succeed or fail. A benefit of this viewpoint is that people with an external locus of control may be better able to cope with failure or trauma because they do not blame themselves for what happens to them. However, an external locus of control may be harmful in that it may lead to feelings of help-lessness and loss of personal power.
构造的解释
Multicultural Considerations
从传统的心理角度来看,控制的内部源头被认为是一种健康,适应性和自我确定的生命方法。外部控制源将与冷漠,消极和病理有关。重要的是要意识到控制结构的源头是在欧洲世界观的角度开发的。结果,该结构假定个人控制和选择应受到高度重视。控制内部控制源的假设应优先于控制的外部基因座,假设个人主义和自决具有固有的价值。因此,控制构建体的欧洲中心座位病理学使世界观脱颖而出。此外,以欧洲控制基因源的概念忽略了歧视和压迫在破坏边缘社区成员的机会和选择中所发挥的作用。
在某些非裔美国人,亚洲人,拉丁裔/A和美洲原住民文化群体中发现的具有集体主义世界观的文化可能比个人主义文化更重要的是对人际关系的承诺,并与更大的社会群体相比,对人际关系的承诺重视。例如,在某些亚洲文化环境中,家庭和群体取向高于个人需求。从这个角度来看,与家庭或社区的目标合作将被认为比自决更重要。这种文化的成员可能会认可外部控制源,因为家庭和社会期望等外力在他们的生活中起着重要的作用。因此,在这种情况下,外部控制源将不是病理学,而是对家庭和社会的影响和期望的社会批准的尊重。
因此,重要的是要认识到控制源的传统概念化中固有的特定文化观点,该概念将控制的内部控制源视为最佳。对于不认同主要文化世界观的个人,将传统使用控制源作为心理的指标可能是不合适的health,因为在主要的文化背景下正常和健康的属性可以被认为是非主导文化中个体病理学的指示。
对于边缘化的群体,外部控制源可能是对种族主义,歧视或社会经济地位引起的局限性的现实感知的结果。例如,对于经常根据种族歧视的个人,将他们遇到的困难归因于外部力量是准确的。从传统的角度来看,这种外部归因将表明缺乏自决而不是对歧视的认识。因此,个人的歧视经历将被无效,由于这种经验而产生的控制源可能会导致个人的病理假设。
Consideration should be taken when applying locus of control concept to multicultural populations. Locus of control should be understood as a concept that is embedded in a European American cultural worldview, and limitations of applying it with more collectivistic cultures should be recognized. Marginalized individuals might endorse greater levels of external control, not as a result of psychopathology or lack of self-determination, but as a result of actual experiences of discrimination and limitations placed on them by society.
历史
Julian Rotter first described the concept of locus of control in the 1950s. Rotter was viewed as one who was able to bridge the gap between behavioral and cognitivepsychologywhen he developed the locus of control construct. Rotter theorized that behavior was significantly directed by the use of reinforcements, such as punishments and rewards. These punishments and rewards subsequently shaped the way people interpret the results of their own actions. The original locus of control formulation classified generalized beliefs concerning who or what influences things along a bipolar dimension of control between internal and external.
包括汉娜·列文森(Hanna Levenson)在内的其他理论家开发了控制源的替代理论。鹿特将控制源解释为双极性,但列文森的模型断言,有三个维度:内在,机会和强大的其他方面。内在类似于鹿特的内部控制源,人们认为他们控制着发生的事件。那些认可机会的人会将事件归因于运气。那些认为控制权掌握在强大的人手中的人会将事件归因于拥有更多权力和控制权的人。根据莱文森的说法,可以独立和同时独立和同时认可控制轨迹的每个维度。
相关的观点
Expectancy, which concerns future events, is a critical aspect of locus of control. Locus of control is grounded in expectancy-value theory, which describes human behavior as determined by the perceived likelihood of an event or outcome occurring and the value placed on that event or outcome. Expectancy-value theory states that if individuals value a particular outcome and believe that taking a certain action will produce that outcome, then they are more likely to take that action.
Self-efficacy is a concept introduced by Albert Bandura and refers to an individual’s belief in his or her ability to perform a certain task at a given time. Self-efficacy and locus of control are related; people may believe that they are in control of how some future events turn out, and they may or may not believe in their own ability to perform a certain task. For example, athletes may believe that they have control over how well they perform (internal locus of control), but they may not have the belief that they are capable of putting in the training to succeed (low self-efficacy).
归因是人们给出的解释,以解释为什么发生某些事件。像控制的基因座一样,可以将归因分类为内部或外部的其他方式。归因理论已被用来解释高度积极进取的人与低成就者之间的差异。归因理论将高成就的人解释为愿意冒险成功,而低成就者避免了成功,因为他们认为这是基于运气的,不会再发生。
References:
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- Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). Locus of control: Current trends in theory and research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Levenson, H. (1974). Activism and powerful others: Distinctions within the concept of internal-external control. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 377-383.
- Marks,L。I.(1998)。解构控制源:对从业者的影响。咨询与发展杂志,76(3),251-260。
- Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external locus of control of reinforcement. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Rotter, J. B. (1982). The development and applications of social learning theory. New York: Praeger.
- Sue,D。W.和Sue,D。(2003)。咨询文化多样性:理论与实践(第4版)。纽约:威利。