女权疗法,而不是成为一种简洁的理论模型,是一种心理治疗干预的哲学,它认识到各种社会实践对个人福祉的影响。它源于1960年代的女权主义和平等权利运动,并相信“个人是政治性”的信念,也就是说,影响该人的代表并从她或他生活的宏观中所伴随的。。女权主义治疗师从各种女权主义和心理理论观点实践,并代表着一群努力争取政治和社会变革的个人,这些个人体现了所有民族的正义和平等。
The tenets of feminist therapy include, broadly, recognition of diversity in identity and of multiple oppressions, acknowledgment of power differentials inherent in the therapeutic relationship and in society, and responsibility for personal involvement in engendering individual and social changes that equalize power.
多样性和压迫
女权疗法承认人类多样性的多个方面可能会影响客户的个人福祉,包括但不限于性,遗产,种族,阶级,年龄,身体能力,宗教和性取向。尽管仅这些方面都可能为社会内部的个人带来个人困难,但大多数人都遭受了多种压迫。在很大程度上,提供阐明这些不平等的教学经验为治疗过程提供了框架。此外,女权主义治疗师仍然意识到人类多样性的复杂性以及他们与客户与客户的个人属性和差异如何影响治疗过程。
治疗关系
Although feminist therapists strive to achieve equality in their therapeutic relationships and to empower their clients, they are continuously aware of the intrinsic power differential, especially early in therapy, that exists in the therapeutic relationship. Throughout the therapeutic process, there is a continuous focus on equalizing the client-therapist relationship and on avoiding taking responsibility for or coercing the client. The intent of this focus is to work collaboratively with clients, who are considered experts relative to their experiences, to achieve goals that are meaningful to them. A strong emphasis is placed on consciousness raising, which assists clients in under-standing the context of their psychological distress. Within this relationship, therapists are far more likely to be self-disclosing, especially in relation to their own experiences of oppression and empowerment, than in most formal schools of psychological thought.
Social Change
女权疗法的从业者积极努力实现与社会和个人力量均衡的变革。由于女权主义是多方面的,因此这种变革努力的重点可能会有很大差异。但是,对改变电力差异的个人投资对于治疗师以及最终对客户来说是至关重要的。倡导要求持续了解积极成果和意外的负面影响,以均衡权力和促进正义。
Developmental Issues
尽管女权主义疗法没有形式的发展理论,但它确实认为社会对个人身份发展产生重大影响是正确和良好的建设。例如,杂烩建议女孩通过与主要照顾者(通常是女人)联系而发展,而男孩则避免这种联系以支持自主权。期望女孩遵守共同的性别角色刻板印象,包括养育(玩偶),敏感性和合作性。相反,男孩有望坚固,寻求力量和自决。以各种形式的社会强调了与其他许多个人属性有关的类似信息。
Psychological Suffering
女权主义理论家对心理病理学的看法或日常生活中的问题在某些方面取决于其理论立场。但是,人们一直认识到,心理困扰是由环境条件引起的,尤其是那些不成比例的权力和选择局限性的情况。因此,正如Ballou和Brown注意到的那样,很难标记一个具有“障碍”的人,并相信这种“疾病”仅位于该人的内部,同时忽略了困扰的背景。
Feminist practitioners maintain awareness that the mental健康菲尔德(Field)有自己的话语,可能会破坏不符合心理健康标准的个人的福祉。历史基础psychologyare based in a White, male-dominated society that emphasizes independence and competition and values instrumental (formerly known as masculine) characteristics. Thus, the profession often ignores the voices and knowledge of the very individuals that they are attempting to serve. Feminist therapists generally have a much broader view of acceptable emotions, cognitions, and behaviors than those that are deemed appropriate in a society that is replete with injustice.
女权疗法
The various theoretical perspectives of feminist therapists provide guidance in resolution of clients’ personal challenges; however, there are several techniques and philosophies that link feminist therapeutic practices.
Consciousness Raising
Feminist therapists utilize consciousness raising to examine the role that social power differentials and bias play in personal distress and relationships. Helping clients appreciate the systematic nature of personal constructions and relationships following from cultural constructions and mandates provides a holistic perspective of mental distress and well-being that diminishes self-blame.
Personal Validation
在很大程度上,意识提高为支持客户的价值和增强个人权能奠定了基础。女权疗法是一种相互依存和支持的实践。
Feminist therapy strives to assist clients in finding their own voices to tell their own stories in ways that are self-validating and self-enhancing. It is a therapy of personal esteem and empowerment.
References:
- Ballou,M。和Brown,L。S.(编辑)。(2002)。重新思考心理健康和疾病。纽约:吉尔福德出版社。
- Chowdrow,N。J.(1989)。女权主义和精神分析理论。康涅狄格州纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社。
- Worell,J。和Remer,P。(2003)。女性主义在治疗方面的观点(第二版)。新泽西州霍博肯:威利。