A therapist interpretation is a technique that introduces the client to a new, theoretically based frame of reference. An interpretation goes beyond the explicit and observable client content and involves communicating an inferred component with the intention of adding new knowledge, understanding, or meaning.
心理动力学方法
解释是心理分析和大多数心理动力疗法中的中心技术,在这种疗法中,实现洞察力和新的理解被认为是治疗性的。在早期的心理分析表述中,解释客户的自由关联发挥了降低勒索影响的功能。随着时间的流逝,对精神分析进行了修改,但解释的中心性仍然存在。通常,一种解释是指出于意识的客户内容,并且它使无意识的材料具有意识。在心理动力学疗法中,解释在转移和交易外解释之间被分配,而前者认为更有效。转移是对患者过去的亲密关系的颁布,这扭曲了当前的关系,尤其是与治疗师。这种转移的解释促进了客户对冲突关系的意识和解决。尽管在心理动力学方法中存在各种概念化,但谨慎使用时认为解释是最有效的,专注于接近意识的客户材料,并在治疗过程中在适当的时间进行交付。研究还支持对指令,绝对术语所述的解释进行初步的解释。当治疗师准确地专注于客户材料的人际关系方面(对他人的愿望以及他们的预期或实际反应)时,就会取得更大的进步结果,即仅专注于感觉状态(自我的反应)。
Interpretation in Nondynamic Therapies
Although therapist interpretation is a historically important intervention that is consistently judged as helpful by clients, therapists, and objective raters, it is also among the more controversial techniques. Opponents of interpretation are critical of its use, arguing that it reduces client autonomy and implies a therapist agenda. This position argues that the use of interpretation is a manifestation of the medical model and that the interpretive therapist assumes a position of expert. Correct timing, depth, and accuracy of interpretation are responsibilities of the therapist, and client readiness to accept an interpretation is judged by the therapist. In addition, interpretation targets unconscious material (such as defenses or transference), suggesting that the therapist “knows” before the client. Furthermore, interpretations are often external, explanatory, and causal, pointing out etiological underpinnings of current behaviors. This position is rejected on philosophical grounds by some schools of therapy.
Future Directions
Therapist interpretation has been the focus of much research and debate within and across schools of therapy. Some authors consider interpretation as a common element across therapies, but different therapeutic vocabularies make comparisons difficult. With the traditionally rigid boundaries between therapeutic modalities becoming increasingly permeable, and with the therapeutic relationship and client factors accounting for the majority of the outcome variance, techniques such as interpretation may be de-emphasized and balanced with a relational emphasis in psychodynamic schools of therapy. In other therapeutic schools, interpretations may become more tolerated if applied in a manner that de-emphasizes therapist expertness and accentuates client agency.
参考:
- Claiborn, C. D. (1982). Interpretation and change in counseling. Journal of CounselingPsychology, 26, 378-383.
- Clark, A. J. (1995). An examination of the technique of interpretation in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 483-190.
- Crits-Christoph, P., Barber, J. P., Baranackie, K., & Cooper, A. (1993). Assessing the therapists’ interpretations. In N. E. Miller, L. Luborsky, J. P. Barber, & J. P. Docherty (Eds.), Psychodynamic treatment research: A handbook for clinical practice (pp. 361-386). New York: Basic Books.
- Hammer, E. F. (Ed.). (1968). Use of interpretation in treatment: Technique and art. New York: Grune & Stratton.