成人向辅导员提出的职业问题差异很大。一些客户正在做出新的职业选择,另一些客户正在应对调整问题,而另一些客户则计划退休。为了确定最关心个人的职业问题,唐纳德·超级,艾伯特·汤普森(Albert Thompson)和理查德·林德曼(Richard Lindeman)建立了成人职业问题库存(ACCI)。ACCI包含61个项目,大约需要20分钟才能完成。前60个项目要求个人表明他们对应对行为的应对行为的关注程度,这些行为解决了一系列职业发展任务。最终项目询问个人当前的职业变革状况。
ACCI在操作上定义了Super在成年期的职业适应性模型。该模型假设个人在职业职位或工作中循环时可能会在四个阶段中进展。职业周期的长度可以持续30个月(称为Minicycle)或30年(称为Maxycle),具体取决于个人职业模式的情况。小型或最大周围的四个主要阶段是勘探,建立,维护和脱离接触。对于每个阶段,ACCI都测量了15种应对在该阶段进展的应对行为。四个阶段中每个阶段的15个应对行为进一步分为子量表,该子量表由五个项目组成,每个项目都测量了每个阶段的三个特定任务。
勘探阶段的三个任务是结晶,规范和实施。这些探索任务要求一个人能够结晶自己的职业自我概念,并将其转化为对一组类似职业的一般偏好,然后减少该群体以指定单一的特定职业选择,并最终通过在该职业中获得就业。The three tasks of the establishment stage are stabilizing, consolidating, and advancing, where one is required to adapt to the culture of the organization and show competence in one’s job-related tasks, develop a conscientious and disciplined work ethic while establishing friendly and collaborative relationships, and show initiative in order to gain promotion. The three tasks of the maintenance stage are not characterized by progress; rather, they deal with preservation. As such, the tasks deal with the manner in which an individual seeks to maintain his or her current position. The three styles of maintenance are upholding, updating, and innovating, and involve maintaining one’s work-related responsibilities, updating one’s knowledge and skills, and seeking new ways to complete tasks more efficiently. Finally, the disengagement stage involves the tasks by which an individual leaves one job or occupation in order to transition to another job or eventually into retirement living. Disengagement involves deceleration as one manages her or his time between fulfilling current work responsibilities and exploring new possibilities.
参考:
- Glavin,K。W.和Rehfuss,M。(2005年6月)。利用成人职业生涯涉及库存来衡量职业规划以及在各个生活阶段对职业发展任务的关注。论文在佛罗里达州奥兰多市国家职业发展协会会议上发表。
- Niles,S。G.,Anderson,W。P.,Jr.,Hartung,P.J。,&Staton,A。R.(1999)。从成人职业问题库存分数中识别客户类型。职业发展杂志,25,173-185。
- Super,D。E.,Thompson,A。S.和Lindeman,R。H.(1988)。成人职业问题清单:研究和探索性咨询的手册。加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托:咨询心理学家出版社。